Category Archives: African American History

Building the Emmitsburg History Exhibit

Near the end of 2024 and the start of 2025, we knew we needed to create a new exhibit for 2026, the year commemorating the United States 250th.  

As we looked for guidance from the America 250 Commission, we also began to look at our own collections.  At the time, the America 250 was encouraging state and local organizations to do the bulk of the work, connecting people with their most directly accessible history.  In this spirit, we thought, what can be more local than curating a history of Emmitsburg?

We began to examine our collections, which were heavy on materials from Mother Seton and her family and from the Daughters various ministries across the United States.  We had materials from their ministries in Emmitsburg, including St. Joseph’s Academy/St. Joseph College, a major institution in the town since the time of Mother Seton.  We had records and artifacts from some of the local schools the Daughters operated.  We had accounts of the Civil War detailing life in Emmitsburg, which by sheer luck did not become Gettysburg in the War and in historical memory, but we did not have many artifacts.  And we had records and a few artifacts from the Emmitsburg railroad, a point of local pride and, at one time, the smallest incorporated railroad in the United States.

Bell from Train Station

This exhibit quickly became our most research-heavy exhibit, one that extended past the collections that are in our possession.  We began to dive into the history of the town beyond our collection scope, utilizing the resources of the Emmitsburg Historical Society and various school alumni organizations.  We began to identify themes and marquee artifacts for display, settling on a drill press from the late 1800s as a nod to the town’s agricultural history; a crocheted afghan from the 1870s that was created by an Academy student; and a terracotta angel that was in the Academy Chapel, which later became the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Chapel.  We also worked with our neighbors to secure loans of materials, ensuring that the exhibit tells a story of the town, not just of Mother Seton or the Daughters.

Drill Press on Display

We also used this opportunity to explore the undertold story of Emmitsburg’s longstanding African American community.  Even in the Antebellum era, generations of families, often consisting of free and enslaved individuals, can be found in the historical record.  The town’s history therefore touches on the hardships of slavery and the persistence of a community.  We even get the chance to display an artifact from a point of pride in the town – a school desk from St. Euphemia’s, the first school in Frederick County to desegregate.

St. Euphemia's School Desk

We began to look for other types of materials to show: tangible three-dimensional artifacts alongside posters and “wordier” pieces, photographs where able, and even films!  Amongst them, we have quote-unquote “annotated” a silent video from the 1940s that shows the St. Joseph College campus and surrounding areas and received permission from the National Fallen Firefighters Foundation to utilize a commissioned music video that features the moving lyric “I’m going home to Emmitsburg.”

Helmets, hats, and belts on display, loaned from Vigilant Hose Company

We have also sought ways to incorporate some level of interactivity into our exhibits.  We invite children to map out the pathways of Civil War soldiers in the leadup to the Battle of Gettysburg, and we invite everyone to explore (reproduced) historical maps from the collection of the town, often with details down to individual properties.  This afforded a way to include many of the small stories that are often hard to include in extensive detail in an exhibit like this!

Maps on Display with title "From Way Back When to Now"

“Emmitsburg: From Way Back When to Now” opens to the public on Saturday, April 11, 2026 and will run through the holiday season 2027.  We are located in the Archives gallery of the Seton Shrine.

Welcome to Emmitsburg everybody!

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Filed under African American History, Announcements, Archives, Artifacts, Emmitsburg

Research Update 2026: Slavery and Local Black History

Five years ago, the Daughters of Charity Archives began to thoroughly investigate the relationship between the Sisters and the Black community.  There were known stories certainly, such as Sister Mary William Sullivan and Martin Luther King for example, or the long relationship between the Sisters and the Briscoe family in Emmitsburg. 

Sister Mary William Sullivan with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 1964
Sister Mary William Sullivan with Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., 1964

The collections also contained materials that showed a relationship between the Daughters of Charity and the institution of slavery prior to the Civil War, such as the Mary Dorsey document, which created a bond of an enslaved woman in exchange for tuition in 1856, or the Community’s acceptance of sixteen enslaved persons to work at Charity Hospital in New Orleans.

Over the last five years, we have tried to systematically examine the collections to document the relationship of the Daughters to slavery and the relationship with the Black community – the good and the bad. 

We have tackled and examined the types of records that most easily come to mind for us and that can be moved through with relative ease – tangible items like diaries, Council records, and first-hand accounts from ministries below the Mason-Dixon line.  We are facing one of our last biggest hurdles in the process, which is the systematic examination of the financial ledgers.  This process is made more difficult by the relative lack of attention paid to these ledgers until now with regards to any topic.  Many of the books had been simply labelled “Financial,” but we had not really learned how to use them. 

The process is also made difficult in communication.  The early Community, founded by Mother Seton, was the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s.  In 1850, they merged with the French Community to become Daughters of Charity.  This is a distinction in the nitty-gritty terminology of the Catholic Church, but which requires explanation to all but the most-versed in the history of the Sisters. Through these processes, we have discovered significant and valuable information, some heartening and some disheartening.  Working with our colleagues at Mount St. Mary’s University Archive, we received access to some of their early records, which verified an agreement to accept labor from an enslaved man named Lewis of the Livers family.

Excerpt from Ledger 57 reading: “By their assumption of this sum being the price of the Black boy Lewis sold by Mr. Livers to the Seminary they agreeing to pay us 296.00”
From Ledger 57: “By their assumption of this sum being the price of the Black boy Lewis sold by Mr. Livers to the Seminary they agreeing to pay us 296.00”

We discovered the acceptance and sale of an indentured servant in Philadelphia St. Joseph’s Home, the first ministry of the Daughters in the United States outside of Maryland, although the Sisters themselves did not have input on this decision.

From Board of Director Minutes of St. Joseph's Asylum, Philadelphia, February 13, 1815: “Mr. Carrell informed the Board, that the late Mr. Isaac Hozey bequeathed to the Institution the Remaining time of a black man, who has three years to serve.”
From Board of Director Minutes, February 13, 1815: “Mr. Carrell informed the Board, that the late Mr. Isaac Hozey bequeathed to the Institution the Remaining time of a black man, who has three years to serve.”

We discovered that the Sisters did have input on some decisions of the enslaved at Charity Hospital in New Orleans, that the enslaved were tasked with removal of bodies during the epidemics of the late 1830s, and that all were sold and replaced with hired white labor.  Working with a researcher in Louisiana, fluent in French, we discovered the names of each and every person through the surviving sacramental records.

We discovered that the Sisters made a political statement in the opposite direction in 1830, when the Council decided “to help Simon in getting his wife free by some arrangement with her owner, & Simon.”  We are still searching for some further clue or mention of Simon or his wife.

From Council Minutes, November 9, 1830:  “Agreed to help Simon in getting his wife free by some arrangement with her owner, & Simon-“
From Council Minutes, November 9, 1830:  “Agreed to help Simon in getting his wife free by some arrangement with her owner, & Simon-“

Thanks to a researcher-intern, we discovered further evidence of just how reliant the Sisters were upon Catholic benefactors who were also enslavers in slaveholding states like Missouri in the early days.

From the will of John Mullanphy, St. Louis, 1827: “I give and bequeath to the Sisters of Charity in St. Louis established on a Foundation created by me a mulatto child called Fanny, now aged about four years…to have and hold to said Sisters of Charity until she shall arrive at the age of eighteen years.  they are to learn her to read and write and treat her kindly….”
From the will of John Mullanphy, St. Louis, 1827: “I give and bequeath to the Sisters of Charity in St. Louis established on a Foundation created by me a mulatto child called Fanny, now aged about four years…to have and hold to said Sisters of Charity until she shall arrive at the age of eighteen years.  they are to learn her to read and write and treat her kindly….” (courtesy St. Louis City Recorder of Deeds)

We also rediscovered entire collections pointing to elements of the Community’s history and our local and national histories.  The St. Malachy School in St. Louis was a Black Catholic school before integration, which documents the experience of St. Louis’s Mill Creek neighborhood.  Other historically Black Catholic parishes have collections too, including the Cathedral School in Natchez, Miss.; St. Stephen’s School in New Orleans; and St. Theresa’s Parish in Gulfport, Miss.  The Daughters were also involved in teaching both during eras of segregation and eras of desegregation in Emmitsburg; Norfolk, VA; and Greensboro, NC.

Sister Beata Goetta with students of St. Malachy School
Sister Beata Goetta and her students at St. Malachy School, St. Louis, 1940s

Most importantly, we discovered the trove of local history that the financial ledgers provide in regards to the surroundings of Emmitsburg in Northern Frederick County, Maryland.  At the far fringes of the county, much of its local history, white and Black, gets overlooked in favor of Frederick City.  The financial ledgers reveal the finances of a small rural town, the comings and goings of people and merchants, and the complex interlocking web both free and enslaved families in the area. 

Take, for example, Ann Coates/Coales, whom we discovered in the “Talks of the Ancient Sisters” speaking for herself:

Ann Coales, colored – “I used to work down here at the washhouse in Mother Rose’s time, bought my own freedom – ten dollars a month and allowed me nothing for my clothes.”

Ann makes further appearances receiving pay from the Community in Financial ledger 58 in September 1823, alongside a Henry Coates, Betsy Coats, and Mary Ann Coats.  In 1845, Ledger 70, we suddenly see a new name: Kelly Koats (Thomas), that forced us to draw some connections and gave us new pathways for research.

We began to search for Thomas Kelly Koates and all associated spellings.  In the Baltimore Archdiocesan marriage records, we found a match, and found his marriage to a member of the Butler family.  Sure enough, we see them as husband and wife in the federal census records. 

Excerpt of the Coates family from 1880 United States Census Records
1880 United States Census

With this information, we can now connect the two families and find Ann even further back in the records under the name Ann Butler, who appears throughout the records as well!  Using these names, we can help compute the family trees of the local African American families, their lives, professions, and to a certain extent, their moves in and out of the area!

This work is certainly slow-going at times – we must also complete all our other work as well after all – but we are updating our research and subject guides on Slavery and African American History when we make it through a new ledger.  Their current iterations can be found here and here.

Check back from time to time and join us on this journey!  The Daughters of Charity Archives is excited to be a partner in the processes of research, accountability, and reconciliation.

We must also thank our interns, volunteers, hired researchers, and colleagues at the Seton Shrine for their hard work and dedication in this process.  The value of your contributions cannot be overstated.

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Filed under African American History, Archives, Emmitsburg, St. Louis

The Sisters of Charity and Venerable Pierre Toussaint

There are currently six African Americans on the pathway to sainthood.  One of them, Ven. Pierre Toussaint (1766-1853), shares a connection with the early Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s.

Toussaint arrived in New York City from Haiti with his enslavers in 1787.  He was permitted to work and earn money for himself as a hairdresser, becoming renowned for his skill and able to command high prices from the upper classes for his work.  When his Mistress died in 1807, he was freed through her last will and testament.  His renown grew through his connections with different members of society – the upper native classes through his work, the immigrants from the Francophone world through his mother tongue, and the Black community – both free and enslaved – through his race and life experience.  Upon his freedom, he took the last name Toussaint in honor of Toussaint L’Ouverture, hero of the Haitian Revolution. 

Toussaint’s financial success and Catholic faith inspired him to give back.  Among other charities, he was a major visitor and contributor to the Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum on Prince Street, an orphan asylum that had been run by the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s since 1817.  His special concern for this cause likely came from the death of his sister, after which he took in his niece to raise her.  At one time, his donations totaled one-third of all the yearly donations of the Asylum.  This is in spite of the Orphan Asylum being, at the time, for white children only.

Among the other causes that he championed, Toussaint showed particular concern for refugees, particularly those who spoke French.  He also founded the first Catholic school for Black children in New York City, located at the Parish of St. Vincent de Paul, the city’s Francophone parish at the time. 

Toussaint was known for attending daily Mass at St. Peter’s, which was Mother Seton’s parish during her New York years! 

In 1846, the Sisters in New York City and Brooklyn withdrew from Mother Seton’s community to form the Sisters of Charity of New York, who inherited the community’s history in the Metro area up until that time.  In 1850, members of the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph’s joined with the French Daughters of Charity, and a separate group of Sisters formed the Sisters of Charity of Cincinnati.  The New York Orphan’s Asylum forms part of the core history of the Sisters of Charity of New York and therefore, of the shared history of Mother Seton’s Daughters.

A meeting of the Sisters of Charity Federation, sometime after 1953, in front of the plaque to Pierre at Old St. Patrick’s Cathedral. 

In 1990, for his role in helping the Catholic Charities of the city survive in their early days, Toussaint was re-interred to the crypt of St. Patrick’s Cathedral.  He is the only layperson so honored.  He was declared venerable in 1996.  The Pierre Toussaint Guild and Office of Black Ministry of the New York Archdiocese actively engages in charity and sponsorship projects that they believe Toussaint would support today.

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Filed under African American History, Sisters of Charity Federation, Sisters of Charity of New York, Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph's